1. | van de Veerdonk MC, Kind T, Marcus JT, Mauritz GJ, Heymans MW, Bogaard HJ, Boonstra A, Marques KM, Westerhof N, Vonk-Noordegraaf A. Progressive right ventricular dysfunction in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension responding to therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:2511–2519. |
2. | Chaouat A, Sitbon O, Mercy M, Ponçot-Mongars R, Provencher S, Guillaumot A, Gomez E, Selton-Suty C, Malvestio P, Regent D, et al. Prognostic value of exercise pulmonary haemodynamics in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2014;44:704–713. |
3. | Holverda S, Gan CT, Marcus JT, Postmus PE, Boonstra A, Vonk-Noordegraaf A. Impaired stroke volume response to exercise in pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1732–1733. |
4. | Lewis GD, Bossone E, Naeije R, Grünig E, Saggar R, Lancellotti P, Ghio S, Varga J, Rajagopalan S, Oudiz R, et al. Pulmonary vascular hemodynamic response to exercise in cardiopulmonary diseases. Circulation 2013;128:1470–1479. |
5. | Nootens M, Wolfkiel CJ, Chomka EV, Rich S. Understanding right and left ventricular systolic function and interactions at rest and with exercise in primary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1995;75:374–377. |
6. | Almeida AR, Loureiro MJ, Lopes L, Cotrim C, Lopes L, Repolho D, Pereira H. Echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular contractile reserve in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Rev Port Cardiol 2014;33:155–163. |
7. | Chemla D, Castelain V, Hoette S, Creuzé N, Provencher S, Zhu K, Humbert M, Herve P. Strong linear relationship between heart rate and mean pulmonary artery pressure in exercising patients with severe precapillary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013;305:H769–H777. |
8. | Deboeck G, Taboada D, Hagan G, Treacy C, Page K, Sheares K, Naeije R, Pepke-Zaba J. Maximal cardiac output determines 6 minutes walking distance in pulmonary hypertension. PLoS One 2014;9:e92324. |
9. | Groepenhoff H, Westerhof N, Jacobs W, Boonstra A, Postmus PE, Vonk-Noordegraaf A. Exercise stroke volume and heart rate response differ in right and left heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2010;12:716–720. |
10. | Provencher S, Chemla D, Hervé P, Sitbon O, Humbert M, Simonneau G. Heart rate responses during the 6-minute walk test in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2006;27:114–120. |
11. | Brimioulle S, Wauthy P, Ewalenko P, Rondelet B, Vermeulen F, Kerbaul F, Naeije R. Single-beat estimation of right ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relationship. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003;284:H1625–H1630. |
12. | Sunagawa K, Yamada A, Senda Y, Kikuchi Y, Nakamura M, Shibahara T, Nose Y. Estimation of the hydromotive source pressure from ejecting beats of the left ventricle. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1980;27:299–305. |
13. | Burkhoff D, Sagawa K. Ventricular efficiency predicted by an analytical model. Am J Physiol 1986;250:R1021–R1027. |
14. | Sunagawa K, Maughan WL, Sagawa K. Optimal arterial resistance for the maximal stroke work studied in isolated canine left ventricle. Circ Res 1985;56:586–595. |
15. | Trip P, De Man FS, Raamsteeboers AJ, Westerhof N, vonk-Noordegraaf A. Right ventriculo-arterial coupling in long-term, mid-term and short-term surviving patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension [abstract]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;187:A2550. |
16. | Grünig E, Tiede H, Enyimayew EO, Ehlken N, Seyfarth HJ, Bossone E, D’Andrea A, Naeije R, Olschewski H, Ulrich S, et al. Assessment and prognostic relevance of right ventricular contractile reserve in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 2013;128:2005–2015. |
17. | Spruijt OA, Bogaard HJ, De Man FS, Oosterveer F, Groepenhoff H, Westerhof N, vonk-Noordegraaf A. The coupling of the right ventricle to its load during exercise in pulmonary hypertension [abstract]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014;189:A4720. |
18. | Ross RM. ATS/ACCP statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167:1451, author reply 1451. |
19. | Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Westerhof N. Describing right ventricular function. Eur Respir J 2013;41:1419–1423. |
20. | Spruijt OA, Bogaard HJ, Vonk-Noordegraaf A. Assessment of right ventricular responses to therapy in pulmonary hypertension. Drug Discov Today 2014;19:1246–1250. |
21. | Trip P, Kind T, van de Veerdonk MC, Marcus JT, de Man FS, Westerhof N, Vonk-Noordegraaf A. Accurate assessment of load-independent right ventricular systolic function in patients with pulmonary hypertension. J Heart Lung Transplant 2013;32:50–55. |
22. | Kuehne T, Yilmaz S, Steendijk P, Moore P, Groenink M, Saaed M, Weber O, Higgins CB, Ewert P, Fleck E, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of right ventricular pressure-volume loops: in vivo validation and clinical application in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 2004;110:2010–2016. |
23. | Chantler PD, Lakatta EG, Najjar SS. Arterial-ventricular coupling: mechanistic insights into cardiovascular performance at rest and during exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008;105:1342–1351. |
24. | Chantler PD, Melenovsky V, Schulman SP, Gerstenblith G, Becker LC, Ferrucci L, Fleg JL, Lakatta EG, Najjar SS. The sex-specific impact of systolic hypertension and systolic blood pressure on arterial-ventricular coupling at rest and during exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008;295:H145–H153. |
25. | Najjar SS, Schulman SP, Gerstenblith G, Fleg JL, Kass DA, O’Connor F, Becker LC, Lakatta EG. Age and gender affect ventricular-vascular coupling during aerobic exercise. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:611–617. |
26. | Little WC, Cheng CP. Effect of exercise on left ventricular-arterial coupling assessed in the pressure-volume plane. Am J Physiol 1993;264:H1629–H1633. |
27. | Piao L, Fang YH, Parikh KS, Ryan JJ, D’Souza KM, Theccanat T, Toth PT, Pogoriler J, Paul J, Blaxall BC, et al. GRK2-mediated inhibition of adrenergic and dopaminergic signaling in right ventricular hypertrophy: therapeutic implications in pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 2012;126:2859–2869. |
28. | Bristow MR, Minobe W, Rasmussen R, Larrabee P, Skerl L, Klein JW, Anderson FL, Murray J, Mestroni L, Karwande SV, et al. Beta-adrenergic neuroeffector abnormalities in the failing human heart are produced by local rather than systemic mechanisms. J Clin Invest 1992;89:803–815. |
29. | Nootens M, Kaufmann E, Rector T, Toher C, Judd D, Francis GS, Rich S. Neurohormonal activation in patients with right ventricular failure from pulmonary hypertension: relation to hemodynamic variables and endothelin levels. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:1581–1585. |
30. | Ryan JJ, Archer SL. The right ventricle in pulmonary arterial hypertension: disorders of metabolism, angiogenesis and adrenergic signaling in right ventricular failure. Circ Res 2014;115:176–188. |
31. | Blumberg FC, Arzt M, Lange T, Schroll S, Pfeifer M, Wensel R. Impact of right ventricular reserve on exercise capacity and survival in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Eur J Heart Fail 2013;15:771–775. |
32. | Kovacs G, Olschewski A, Berghold A, Olschewski H. Pulmonary vascular resistances during exercise in normal subjects: a systematic review. Eur Respir J 2012;39:319–328. |
33. | Tolle JJ, Waxman AB, Van Horn TL, Pappagianopoulos PP, Systrom DM. Exercise-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation 2008;118:2183–2189. |
34. | Waxman AB. Exercise physiology and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2012;55:172–179. |
35. | Sanz J, García-Alvarez A, Fernández-Friera L, Nair A, Mirelis JG, Sawit ST, Pinney S, Fuster V. Right ventriculo-arterial coupling in pulmonary hypertension: a magnetic resonance study. Heart 2012;98:238–243. |
36. | Groepenhoff H, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, van de Veerdonk MC, Boonstra A, Westerhof N, Bogaard HJ. Prognostic relevance of changes in exercise test variables in pulmonary arterial hypertension. PLoS One 2013;8:e72013. |
37. | Henkens IR, Van Wolferen SA, Gan CT, Boonstra A, Swenne CA, Twisk JW, Kamp O, van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, et al. Relation of resting heart rate to prognosis in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Cardiol 2009;103:1451–1456. |
38. | Chemla D, Hébert JL, Coirault C, Salmeron S, Zamani K, Lecarpentier Y. Matching dicrotic notch and mean pulmonary artery pressures: implications for effective arterial elastance. Am J Physiol 1996;271:H1287–H1295. |
39. | Redington AN, Rigby ML, Shinebourne EA, Oldershaw PJ. Changes in the pressure-volume relation of the right ventricle when its loading conditions are modified. Br Heart J 1990;63:45–49. |
40. | Rigaud M, Boschat J, Rocha P, Ferreira A, Bardet J, Bourdarias JP. Comparative haemodynamic effects of dobutamine and isoproterenol in man. Intensive Care Med 1977;3:57–62. |
41. | Roest AA, Kunz P, Lamb HJ, Helbing WA, van der Wall EE, de Roos A. Biventricular response to supine physical exercise in young adults assessed with ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol 2001;87:601–605. |
42. | Surie S, van der Plas MN, Marcus JT, Kind T, Kloek JJ, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Bresser P. Effect of pulmonary endarterectomy for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension on stroke volume response to exercise. Am J Cardiol 2014;114:136–140. |
43. | Daley PJ, Sagar KB, Wann LS. Doppler echocardiographic measurement of flow velocity in the ascending aorta during supine and upright exercise. Br Heart J 1985;54:562–567. |
44. | Elstad M, Nådland IH, Toska K, Walløe L. Stroke volume decreases during mild dynamic and static exercise in supine humans. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2009;195:289–300. |
45. | Elstad M, Toska K, Chon KH, Raeder EA, Cohen RJ. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: opposite effects on systolic and mean arterial pressure in supine humans. J Physiol 2001;536:251–259. |
46. | Loeppky JA, Greene ER, Hoekenga DE, Caprihan A, Luft UC. Beat-by-beat stroke volume assessment by pulsed Doppler in upright and supine exercise. J Appl Physiol 1981;50:1173–1182. |
47. | Puchalska L, Belkania GS. Haemodynamic responses to the dynamic exercise in subjects exposed to different gravitational conditions. J Physiol Pharmacol 2006;57:103–113. |
48. | Steding-Ehrenborg K, Jablonowski R, Arvidsson PM, Carlsson M, Saltin B, Arheden H. Moderate intensity supine exercise causes decreased cardiac volumes and increased outer volume variations: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013;15:96. |
49. | Toska K, Eriksen M. Respiration-synchronous fluctuations in stroke volume, heart rate and arterial pressure in humans. J Physiol 1993;472:501–512. |