1. | Maltais F, Jobin J, Sullivan MJ, Bernard S, Whittom F, Killian KJ, Desmeules M, Belanger M, LeBlanc P. Metabolic and hemodynamic responses of lower limb during exercise in patients with COPD. J Appl Physiol 1998;84:1573–1580. |
2. | Kutsuzawa T, Shioya S, Kurita D, Haida M, Ohta Y, Yamabayashi H. Muscle energy metabolism and nutritional status in patients with chronic obstructive disease: a 31P magnetic resonance study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:647–652. |
3. | Maltais F, Simmard A, Simard C, Jobin J, Desagnes P, LeBlanc P. Oxidative capacity of the skeletal muscle and lactic acid kinetics during exercise in normal subjects and in patients with COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:288–293. |
4. | Mattson J, Poole D. Pulmonary emphysema decreases skeletal muscle oxidative enzyme capacity. J Appl Physiol 1998;85:210–214. |
5. | Bernard S, LeBlanc P, Whittom F, Carrier G, Jobin J, Belleau R, Maltais F. Peripheral muscle weakness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:629–634. |
6. | Skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a statement of the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:S1–S40. |
7. | Richardson RS. Skeletal muscle dysfunction vs. muscle disuse in patients with COPD. J Appl Physiol 1999;86:1751–1753. |
8. | Serres I, Gautier V, Varry A, Prefaut C. Impaired skeletal muscle endurance related to physical inactivity and altered lung function in COPD patients. Chest 1998;113:900–905. |
9. | Maltais F, LeBlanc P, Simard C, Jobin J, Berbue C, Bruneau J, Carrier L, Belleau R. Skeletal muscle adaptation to endurance training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:442–447. |
10. | Sala E, Roca J, Marrades R, Alonso J, Gonzalez de Suso J, Moreno A, Barbera J, Nadal J, de Jover L, Rodriguez-Roisin R, et al. Effects of endurance training on skeletal muscle bioenergetics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:1726–1734. |
11. | Andersen P, Adams RP, Sjogaard G, Thorbe A, Saltin B. Dynamic knee extension as a model for study of isolated exercising muscle in humans. J Appl Physiol 1985;59:1647–1653. |
12. | Richardson RS, Frank RL, Haseler LJ. Dynamic knee-extensor and cycle exercise: functional MRI of muscular activity. Int J Sports Med 1998;19:182–187. |
13. | Richardson RS, Sheldon J, Poole DC, Hopkins SR, Ries AL, Wagner PD. Evidence of skeletal muscle metabolic reserve during whole body exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:881–885. |
14. | Richardson R, Leak B, Haseler L, Gavin T, Sheldon J, Eltin P, Olfert I, Ries A, Wagner P. Normal skeletal muscle function in patients with COPD when exercise is not centrally limited [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31:S277. |
15. | Crapo RO, Morris AH, Gardner RM. Reference spirometric values using techniques and equipment that meet ATS recommendations. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981;123:659–664. |
16. | Folsom AR, Jacobs DR Jr, Caspersen CJ, Gomez-Marin O, Knudsen J. Test-retest reliability of the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire. J Chronic Dis 1986;39:505–511. |
17. | Taylor HL, Jacobs DR Jr, Schucker B, Knudsen J, Leon AS, Debacker G. A questionnaire for the assessment of leisure time physical activities. J Chronic Dis 1978;31:741–755. |
18. | Jacobs D, Luepker R, Mittelmark M, Folsom A, Pirie P, Mascioli S, Hannan P, Pechacek T, Bracht N, Carlaw R, et al. Community-wide prevention stratergies: evaluation design of the Minnesota Heart Health Program. J Chronic Dis 1986;39:775–788. |
19. | Richardson RS, Poole DC, Knight DR, Kurdak SS, Hogan MC, Grassi B, Johnson EC, Kendrick K, Erickson BK, Wagner PD. High muscle blood flow in man: is maximal O2 extraction compromised? J Appl Physiol 1993;75:1911–1916. |
20. | Richardson RS, Noyszewski EA, Kendrick KF, Leigh JS, Wagner PD. Myoglobin O2 desaturation during exercise: evidence of limited O2 transport. J Clin Invest 1995;96:1916–1926. |
21. | Poole DC, Gaesser GA, Hogan MC, Knight DR, Wagner PD. Pulmonary and leg VO2 during submaximal exercise: implications for muscular efficiency. J Appl Physiol 1992;72:805–810. |
22. | Andersen P, Saltin B. Maximal perfusion of skeletal muscle in man. J Physiol 1985;366:233–249. |
23. | Jones PRM, Pearson J. Anthropometric determination of leg fat and muscle plus bone volumes in young male and female adults. J Physiol 1969;294:63P–66P. |
24. | Hoppeler H, Luthi P, Claasen H, Weibel ER, Howald H. The ultrastructure of normal human skeletal muscle: a morphometric analysis on untrained men, women and well-trained orienteers. Pflugers Arch 1973;344:217–232. |
25. | Reynafarje B. Simplified method for the determination of myoglobin. J Lab Clin Med 1963;61:138–145. |
26. | Jobin J, Maltais F, Doyon JF, LeBlanc P, Simard PM, Simard AA, Simard C. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: capillarity and fiber-type characteristics of skeletal muscle. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1998;18:432–437. |
27. | Jakobsson P, Jordfeldt L, Brunden A. Skeletal muscle metabolites and fibre types in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with and without chronic respiratory failure. Eur Respir J 1990;3:192–196. |
28. | Maltais F, Sullivan MJ, LeBlanc P, Duscha BD, Schachat FH, Simard C, Blank JM, Jobin J. Altered expression of myosin heavy chain in the vastus lateralis muscle in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 1999;13:850–854. |
29. | Satta A, Migliori GB, Spanevello A, Neri M, Bottinelli R, Canepari M, Pellegrino MA, Reggiani C. Fibre types in skeletal muscles of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients related to respiratory function and exericse tolerance. Eur Respir J 1997;10:2853–2860. |
30. | Larsson L. Histochemical characteristics of human skeletal muscle during aging. Acta Physiol Scand 1983;117:469–471. |
31. | Itoh K, Moritani T, Ishida K, Hirofuji C, Taguchi S, Itoh M. Hypoxia-induced fibre type transformation in rat hindlimb muscles: histochemical and electro-mechanical changes. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1990;60:331–336. |
32. | Thomason DB, Booth FW. Atrophy of the soleus muscle by hindlimb unweighting. J Appl Physiol 1990;68:1–12. |
33. | Andersen JL, Mohr T, Biering-Sorensen F, Galbo H, Kjaer M. Myosin heavy chain isoform transformation in single fibres from m. vastus lateralis in spinal cord injured individuals: effects of long-term functional electrical stimulation (FES). Pflugers Arch 1996;431:513–518. |
34. | Baldwin KM, Haddad F. Effects of different activity and inactivity paradigms on myosin heavy chain gene expression in striated muscle. J Appl Physiol 2001;90:345–357. |
35. | Bigard AX, Sanchez H, Birot O, Serrurier B. Myosin heavy chain composition of skeletal muscles in young rats growing under hypobaric hypoxia conditions. J Appl Physiol 2000;88:479–486. |
36. | Hunter GR, Newcomer BR, Larson-Meyer DE, Bamman MM, Weinsier RL. Muscle metabolic economy is inversely related to exercise intensity and type II myofiber distribution. Muscle Nerve 2001;24:654–661. |
37. | Poole DC, Barstow TJ, Gaesser GA, Willis WT, Whipp BJ. VO2 slow component: physiological and functional significance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994;26:1354–1358. |
38. | Coyle EF, Sidossis LS, Horowitz JF, Beltz JD. Cycling efficiency is related to the percentage of type I muscle fibers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992;24:782–788. |
39. | Gibbs CL, Gibson WR. Energy production of rat soleus muscle. Am J Physiol 1972;223:864–871. |
40. | Wendt IR, Gibbs CL. Energy production of rat extensor digitorum longus muscle. Am J Physiol 1973;224:1081–1086. |
41. | Barany M. ATPase activity of myosin correlated with speed of muscle shortening. J Gen Physiol 1967;50:197–218. |
42. | Crow MT, Kushmerick MJ. Chemical energetics of slow- and fast-twitch muscles of the mouse. J Gen Physiol 1982;79:147–166. |
43. | Maltais F, Simon M, Jobin J, Desmeules M, Sullivan MJ, Belanger M, Leblanc P. Effects of oxygen on lower limb blood flow and O2 uptake during exercise in COPD. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:916–922. |
44. | O'Donnell DE, Bertley JC, Chau LK, Webb KA. Qualitative aspects of exertional breathlessness in chronic airflow limitation: pathophysiologic mechanisms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:109–115. |
45. | Levison H, Cherniack RM. Ventilatory cost of exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Appl Physiol 1968;25:21–27. |
46. | Harms CA, Babcock MA, McClaran SR, Pegelow DF, Nickele GA, Nelson WB, Dempsey JA. Respiratory muscle work compromises leg blood flow during maximal exercise. J Appl Physiol 1997;82:1573–1583. |
47. | Gonzalez-Alonso J, Richardson RS, Saltin B. Exercising skeletal muscle blood flow in humans responds to reduction in arterial oxyhaemoglobin, but not to altered free oxygen. J Physiol 2001;530:331–341. |
48. | Richardson RS, Grassi B, Gavin TP, Haseler LJ, Tagore K, Roca J, Wagner PD. Evidence of O2 supply-dependent VO2 max in the exercise-trained human quadriceps. J Appl Physiol 1999;86:1048–1053. |
49. | Richardson RS, Newcomer SC, Noyszewski EA. Skeletal muscle intracellular PO(2) assessed by myoglobin desaturation: response to graded exercise. J Appl Physiol 2001;91:2679–2685. |
50. | Moller P, Hellstrom K, Hermansson IL. Myoglobin content in leg skeletal muscle in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Respiration (Herrlisheim) 1984;45:35–38. |
51. | Moller P, Sylven C. Myoglobin in human skeletal muscle. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1981;41:479–482. |
52. | Kendrew J, Parrish R, Marrack J, Orlans E. The species specfictiy of myoglobin. Nature 1977;174:946. |
53. | Conley KE, Ordway GA, Richardson RS. Deciphering the mysteries of myoglobin in striated muscle. Acta Physiol Scand 2000;168:623–634. |
54. | Pattengale PK, Holloszy JO. Augmentation of skeletal muscle myoglobin by a program of treadmill running. Am J Physiol 1967;213:783–785. |
55. | Oshiro T. Experimental studies of myoglobin in skeletal muscle following denervation and reinervation. Acta Med Fukuoka 1966;36:531–567. |
56. | Whittom F, Jobin J, Simard PM, Leblanc P, Simard C, Bernard S, Belleau R, Maltais F. Histochemical and morphological characteristics of the vastus lateralis muscle in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30:1467–1474. |
57. | Mathieu-Costello O, Saurez RK, Howchachka PW. Capillary-to-fiber geometry and mitochondrial density in hummingbird flight muscle. Respir Physiol 1992;89:113–132. |
58. | Mathieu-Costello O. Compartive aspects of muscle capillary supply. Annu Rev Physiol 1993;55:503–525. |
59. | Richardson RS, Wagner H, Mudaliar SR, Henry R, Noyszewski EA, Wagner PD. Human VEGF gene expression in skeletal muscle: effect of acute normoxic and hypoxic exercise. Am J Physiol 1999;277:H2247–H2252. |
60. | Maltais F, LeBlanc P, Whittom F, Simard C, Marquis K, Belanger M, Breton MJ, Jobin J. Oxidative enzyme activities of the vastus lateralis muscle and the functional status in patients with COPD. Thorax 2000;55:848–853. |
61. | Hoppeler H, Howald H, Conley K, Lindstedt SL, Claasen H, Vock P, Weibel ER. Endurance training in humans: aerobic capacity and structure of skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 1985;59:320–327. |
62. | Leek BT, Mudaliar SR, Henry R, Mathieu-Costello O, Richardson RS. Effect of acute exercise on citrate synthase activity in untrained and trained human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001;280:R441–R447. |
63. | Gallagher D, Visser M, De Meersman RE, Sepulveda D, Baumgartner RN, Pierson RN, Harris T, Heymsfield SB. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: effects of age, gender and ethnicity. J Appl Physiol 1997;83:229–239. |