Time-series, cross-sectional, and prospective cohort studies have observed associations between mortality and particulate air pollution but have been limited by ecologic design or small number of subjects or study areas. The present study evaluates effects of particulate air pollution on mortality using data from a large cohort drawn from many study areas. We linked ambient air pollution data from 151 U.S. metropolitan areas in 1980 with individual risk factor on 552,138 adults who resided in these areas when enrolled in a prospective study in 1982. Deaths were ascertained through December, 1989. Exposure to sulfate and fine particulate air pollution, which is primarily from fossil fuel combustion, was estimated from national data bases. The relationships of air pollution to all-cause, lung cancer, and cardiopulmonary mortality was examined using multivariate analysis which controlled for smoking, education, and other risk factors. Although small compared with cigarette smoking, an association between mortality and particulate air pollution was observed. Adjusted relative risk ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) of all-cause mortality for the most polluted areas compared with the least polluted equaled 1.15 (1.09 to 1.22) and 1.17 (1.09 to 1.26) when using sulfate and fine particulate measures respectively. Particulate air pollution was associated with cardiopulmonary and lung cancer mortality but not with mortality due to other causes. Increased mortality is associated with sulfate and fine particulate air pollution at levels commonly found in U.S. cities. The increase in risk is not attributable to tobacco smoking, although other unmeasured correlates of pollution cannot be excluded with certainty.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Particulate Air Pollution as a Predictor of Mortality in a Prospective Study of U.S. Adults
C. Arden Pope III, Michael J. Thun , Mohan M. Namboodiri , Douglas W. Dockery , John S. Evans , Frank E. Speizer , and Clark W. Heath Jr.
Environmental Epidemiology Program and Interdisciplinary Program in Health, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia; and The Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Corresponding Author: C. ArdenPopeIII
Received: June 03, 1994